What Is Rosehip Oil Chemical Composition? More Benefits And Features You Should Know
On December 17, 2022 by Jane TuThe rosehip seed contained beneficial phytochemicals like ascorbic acid (1798 μg/g), phenolic compounds (2554 μg/g), and carotenoids (2.92 μg/g). Linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, primarily β-sitosterol (82.1%), were also abundant in the rosehip-seed oil. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of rosehip seed and seed oil.
What is Rosehip Oil?
Rosa canina L., or rosehip, is a shrub that grows wild in Europe, western Asia, and northwest Africa. The rosehip tree’s fruits have long been used in traditional medicine. The common cold, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal problems, urinary tract problems, and inflammatory diseases can all be prevented or treated with rosehips. Clinical trials have demonstrated that rosehip powder can lessen osteoarthritis symptoms. Rosehips contain bioactive substances like ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, which are thought to be responsible for their health benefits. Rosehips have been used as an herbal tea and vitamin supplement for a long time in Europe because they have the highest concentration of ascorbic acid in any fruit or vegetable. As a snack, people eat fresh rosehips, and dried rosehips are used to make tea, jam, nectar, marmalade, and pestle. Rosehip products’ leftover seeds are fed to animals as food. In the rosehip seed’s lipid fraction, polyunsaturated fatty acids make up more than 50% of the total fat content. Because it has a healing effect on skin disorders, rosehip seed oil has been utilized in cosmetics.
Since byproducts can be used in pharmacological, cosmetic, and food applications as potential sources of bioactive compounds, research on the characterization of byproducts in the food processing industry has drawn a lot of attention. There is a dearth of information on the lipid properties, phytochemical composition, and nutritional value of rosehip seeds. Finding out the rosehip seed’s nutritional and phytochemical makeup was the aim of this study. The composition of the fatty acids and sterols in the seed’s lipid fraction was also investigated.
What are the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Rosehip Oil?
More than 50% of the lipid content of rosehip seeds is made up of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rosehip seed oil has been used in cosmetics because of its therapeutic effects on a few skin conditions.
Franco et al. 2007 investigated the fatty acid and sterol compositions of seed oil. The rosehip seed contained phytochemicals like ascorbic acid (1798 g/g), phenolic compounds (2554 g/g), and carotenoids (2.92 g/g). Additionally, it was discovered that rosehip-seed oil had high levels of phytosterols, particularly -sitosterol (82.1%), as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (54.05%) and linolenic acid (19.37%). Other dermatological actives of interest, such as trans-retinoic acid or natural tretinoin, were also found, but in smaller concentrations (between 0.01% and 0.1%).
What Are the Materials and Methods of Rosehip Oil?
Sample
Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) seeds were supplied by the Gumussu Food Company in Gumushane, Turkey, a rosehip processing facility. An IKA M20 laboratory mill was used to grind the air-dried seeds. For additional analysis, seed powder was used. From Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), all solvents were analytical- or HPLC-grade. The following items were provided by Sigma (St. Louis): ABTS, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, BSTFA-TMCS (N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide-trimethylchlorosilane), and standard FAME reference mixture. Louis, MO, USA).
Chemical Composition
The AOAC methods (AOAC, 2006) were used to calculate the seeds’ moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents. The crude protein content was calculated using the Kjeldahl method (N*6.25). Using the Soxhlet method, the crude fat was identified.
Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC)
In an orbital shaker (made by Daihan Scientific, Seoul, South Korea) at room temperature, 250 rpm for two hours, one gram of the seed powder was extracted with 10 ml of methanol (80%). The residue was filtered, and 10 ml of methanol was used to extract it again. The combined methanol extracts were kept at a temperature of 18 degrees Celsius until analysis. Folin-Ciocalteu was used to estimate TPC. 0.1 ml of the extract solution was mixed with 0.50 ml of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 0.4 ml of sodium carbonate (1 M), and 4 ml of distilled water At 765 nm, the mixture’s absorbance was measured after one hour. Standard gallic acid ranging from 0 to 50 mg/ml was used to prepare the calibration curve. The amount of total phenolic content in the seed was calculated as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per g of the seed.
Ascorbic Acid and Total Carotenoids
With some modifications, Klein and Perry’s ascorbic acid determination method was used. With the help of metaphosphoric acid (5 ml, 2%), the seed powder (300 mg) was extracted. With the addition of a citrate-phosphate buffer (3 g of meta-phosphoric acid, 2.85 g of citric acid, and 1.1 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 ml; pH = 3.6 +/- 0.1), the extract’s pH was brought down to 3.6. 2,6-dichloroindophenol (125 mg/L, 2 ml) was added to the filtrate (2 ml) along with a citrate-phosphate buffer (2 ml). At 520 nm, the absorbance was measured. Ascorbic acid in concentrations between 0.001 and 0.05 mg/ml was used to create the calibration curve. Using Szentmihalyi et al.’s methodology, the total carotenoid content was calculated. With 10 ml of hexane, the seed powder (150 mg) was extracted. 450 nm was used to measure the filtrate’s absorbance. The extinction coefficient was taken as 2505 (100 ml g−1 cm−1).
Fatty Acid Composition
According to the analytical procedures outlined in the AOAC methods (AOAC, 2006), the fatty acid composition was ascertained. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the composition of the fatty acids. A Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph outfitted with a flame ionization detector, a split/splitless injector, and a lengthy capillary column (0.25 mm x 0.20 m x 60 m, Teknokroma TR-CN100) was used to inject fatty acid methyl ester. The oven temperature program was as follows: the column was heated to 90°C initially, held for 5 minutes, and then heated to 240°C with a 10°C/min ramp, held for 20 minutes. Helium served as the carrier gas, with a flow rate of 1 ml/min, a split ratio of 100:1, and an injection volume of 1 μl. Using a common FAME reference mixture, the identification of FAMEs was carried out. Fatty acids were provided in percentages relative to total fatty acid contents, and the peak areas were calculated by the integration software.
Sterol Composition
An official DGF method that has been modified was used to determine the total sterol content. One gram of oil was weighed in a flask along with one milliliter of the internal standard (0.1 g/100 ml of cholesterol in chloroform). The sample was saponified with 6 ml of aqueous 10 mol/L KOH in 10 ml of ethanol after the chloroform evaporated under a nitrogen stream. It took 90 minutes or more to saponify. Diethyl ether was used twice to extract the unsaponifiable fraction. After the combined fractions were washed twice with 0.5 mol/L KOH (7 ml) and twice to four times with a saturated sodium chloride solution (7 ml), the organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue left over after evaporation was redissolved in 0.3 ml pyridine and 0.3 ml BSTFA + TMCS and derivatized for 30 min at 80°C. The samples were introduced into a Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph that was outfitted with a flame ionization detector, a split/splitless injector, and a capillary column (0.22 mm x 0.22 m x 30 m, Teknokroma TRB-Sterol). The detection process was carried out using a flame ionization detector (325°C). At 280°C for 40 minutes, the oven’s temperature was isothermal. At a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, helium served as the carrier gas. According to the relative retention time (the difference between each sterol’s retention time and that of β-sitosterol), the identification of sterols was done. The quantification used the internal standard (cholesterol) method.
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
According to Adnan et al.’s method, extraction was completed., with some modifications. An orbital shaker (Daihan Scientific, Seoul, South Korea) was used to extract one gram of the seed for two hours at room temperature and 250 rpm. Whatman No. was used to filter the extract. 4 paper. After repeating the extraction process, two filtrates were combined. 0.5 g of the seed oil was dissolved in hexane (5 ml). Using the extraction solvents (5 ml) in the separation funnel, the antioxidant compounds were extracted twice. Methanol (80%), acetone (70%), and ethanol (60%) were the extraction solvents employed in this study. The seed and seed oil extracts in methanol, acetone, and ethanol were kept at 18°C until analysis. First, an ABTS stock solution was created for the ABTS assay by mixing a 2.45 mM potassium persulfate solution with 7 mM ABTS (2:1). For 16 hours, the stock solution was kept at room temperature and in the dark. With the addition of ethanol, the stock solution was diluted to achieve an absorbance of 0.70 (plus or minus 0.02) AU at 734 nm. Fifty μL of the extract was mixed with 1000 μL of ABTS•+ solution, and the absorbance was measured at 734 nm after 10 min. Micromoles of Trolox per g of seed was used to express the results.
Nutritional Composition
The findings of the proximate analysis and the estimated energy content of rosehip seeds are presented. The macronutrient with the highest concentration in the seed was found to be carbohydrates, while the macronutrient with the lowest concentration was protein. Barros et al. looked into the rosehip fruit’s nutrient content. In comparison to the rosehip fruit, the rosehip seed had slightly more protein (2.72 g/100 g) and slightly less carbohydrate (93.16 g/100 g). The lipid content of the seed was high. The seed had a higher lipid content (0.65 g/100 g) than the entire fruit. The seed, however, had a lower ash content than the entire fruit (3.47 g/100 g). Following the determination of the toxicity index, rosehip seed may be consumed as a dietary supplement to provide carbohydrates and energy due to the high energy value and nutritional makeup of the seed.
What Are the Health Benefits of Rosehip Oil?
Inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal problems, urinary tract infections, and viral illnesses like the common cold can all be treated or prevented with rosehips. Rosehip powder has been shown in clinical studies to be effective in treating osteoarthritis symptoms. Rosehips are believed to have health benefits due to bioactive components like ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In terms of fruits and vegetables, rosehips have the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and they have long been consumed in Europe as a herbal tea and vitamin supplement. Rosehips are consumed raw as a snack, as well as dried and used to make tea, jam, nectar, marmalade, and pistil (fruit leather). Rosehip byproducts, like the seeds, are fed to animals as food.
The precursors to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are the essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acids. The prevention of chronic diseases like cancer and coronary heart disease depends on an intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that is balanced. The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids that are advised ranges from 1:1 to 4:1. The higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of linolenic to linoleic acids in rosehip seed oil suggest that it may be a good source of omega fatty acids.
What Are the Skin and Hair Benefits of Rosehip Oil?
As a Supplement
Researchers examined the effects of rosehip powder as a supplement on skin aging in a double-blind study that was published in 2015. The crow’s feet, wrinkles, skin moisture, and elasticity of those who received rosehip showed notable improvements after 8 weeks of treatment. This implied that consuming rosehips internally has a number of anti-aging advantages.
According to one study, proanthocyanidins were largely responsible for rose hip extract’s (Rosa canina) ability to prevent melanogenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Inhibiting tyrosinase activity and pigmentation in guinea pig skin were additional effects of the rose hip extract. According to these findings, the rose hip extract may be effective as a skin-lightening agent when consumed orally.
Topical Use
Rosehip seed oil is an excellent natural moisturizing oil with strong regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties in part due to a high content of unsaturated fatty acids and an appropriate ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids (Dąbrowska et al 2019)
Many linoleic and linolenic acids can be found in rosehip oil. Both linoleic and α-linolenic acids lessen the skin’s hyperpigmentation and UV-related deterioration.
Wound Healing
One study found that “rosehip oil significantly promoted wound healing and effectively improved scars. This effectiveness may be achieved by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process and speeding up the transition of macrophage phenotypes.
Anti-aging and Anti-Acne
180 patients with burn, traumatic, and surgical scars were treated with rosehip oil over the course of a two-year study, as were those with premature skin aging. The outcomes were astonishing. Rosehip oil can effectively diminish scars and wrinkles, delay the onset of premature aging, and restore lost skin tone and color with regular use.
Rosehip oil’s high concentration of unsaturated essential fatty acids was initially thought to be responsible for its capacity to regenerate damaged skin tissues. These acids are crucial for healthy skin (when consumed internally) because they are part of cell membranes and precursors to prostaglandins/leukotrienes. Their presence did not adequately explain the regenerative properties of rosehip oil. Later, the researchers determined that the substance causing these effects was trans-retinoic acid (ibid).
As previously mentioned, several studies have highlighted Rosehip as a natural source of trans-retinoic acid (Tretonin). The highest concentrations of retinoic acid were found in rosehip oil produced by cold pressing and supercritical extraction, and more than 0.3% of all-trans-retinoic acid was discovered in this oil. rubiginosa’.
Serotonin is a member of the first generation of retinoids. It is the retinoid form that is most bioactive. The stratum corneum and the dermis can both be partially penetrated by it. (ibid) It promotes “cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis” and strengthens the epidermis. As an antioxidant, it can help with photodamage repair, skin protection, and hyperpigmentation at the same time. Tretinoin and other retinoids are regarded as the “foundation of” both acute and chronic treatment of acne due to their capacity to reduce inflammation and promote cell turnover (ibid).
What are Rosehip Oil Disadvantages?
While rosehip oil has many known advantages for skin care, some people may experience unfavorable effects. ‘Possible side-effects of rosehip oil can include rash, allergy and worsening of acne and pores,’ warns Dr. Lapa: “Side effects of the extract, if taken orally, can include nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
How to Use Rosegil Oil?
Use an antioxidant like mixed tocopherol or rosemary oil extract (ROE) to protect rosehip oil from going rancid. I might lean toward using 0.05% of each in combination. To extend the shelf life of the oil, keep it out of the sun and below 30 degrees Celsius.
It is recommended to use a supercritical oil extract or Rosehip CO2 extract if you want the highest levels of serotonin in your oil. Most of these extracts have ROE added at the point of extraction to lengthen their shelf lives, as you will discover. The shelf life of rosehip CO2 extract is about 18 months, making it a highly stable product. Use this oil in the hot oil phase of your formulation to create an emulsion along with your antioxidant.
What is the Active Ingredient in Rosehip?
How does it work? Rosehip extract contains polyphenols and anthocyanins, which are believed to ease joint inflammation and prevent joint damage. It also contains a lot of vitamin C, which is rich in antioxidants.
Is Rosehip Oil High in Retinol?
Trans-retinoic acid, a synthetic retinoid produced since the 1970s to treat both acne and aging skin, is a component of rosehip oil that is high in potency.
Conclusion on Rosehip Oil
Rosehip oil contains carotenoids, which help keep your skin fresh and healthy by creating new skin cells. Vitamin F, which helps your skin retain moisture and defend itself against harm, is another component of rosehip oil. Acne brought on by clogged skin pores may be treated with rosehip oil or cream.
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